destructor while retaining desirable beekeeping traits such as honey production. Queens from such VSH breeding sources can be allowed to mate freely with non-VSH drones, and the resulting hybrid colonies from these outcrosses will retain lower and variable but generally still useful resistance to V.
The specifics of how hygienic bees detect mite infested brood currently are unknown.īees bred to have high levels of VSH can keep mite populations below thresholds recommended for varroa treatment including miticides. VSH activity results in (1) an abnormally low proportion of mites that produce offspring within the population that remains in capped brood and (2) reducing the brood infestation rate by greater than 70%. Mite-infested bee pupae are removed from their brood cells, which kills any immature varroa mites present. The behavior involves nest cleaning bees recognizing infested brood aged 15-18 days old (emergence occurs at 21 days old). It was later discovered that the factor is founded on hygienic activity of adult bees, so SMR was renamed VSH. The rate of mite population growth was found to be correlated with the reproductive rates of mites, resulting in naming the factor "suppressed mite reproduction" (SMR).
The factor causing slow mite population growth was found to be heritable. Development īees with the VSH trait were initially bred by the United States Department of Agriculture Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from colonies in which mite populations grew only slowly. Some subspecies of Apis mellifera show naturally Varroa sensitive hygiene, for example Apis mellifera lamarckii and Apis mellifera carnica. Subspecies with Varroa sensitive hygiene VSH activity results in significant resistance to the mites.
destructor is considered to be the most dangerous pest problem for honey bees worldwide. Varroa sensitive hygiene ( VSH) is a behavioral trait of honey bees (Apis mellifera) in which bees detect and remove bee pupae that are infested by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor.
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